What type of exam format does not allow reference materials during the test?

A closed book exam is designed specifically for situations where no reference materials are permitted during the test. This format assesses a candidate's memory and understanding of the material without the aid of textbooks, notes, or any external resources. The structure of a closed book exam emphasizes the importance of studying and comprehension, as candidates must rely solely on their knowledge and recall the information they have learned.

This type of exam can help determine how well a candidate has internalized the material, as it forces them to engage deeply with the content prior to the exam. In contrast, open book exams allow for the use of reference materials, online exams may vary in format but often provide flexibility in how they are taken, and take-home exams typically afford students the ability to research and reference materials at their discretion. Each of these alternative formats enables some level of resource usage, which is not the case with closed book exams.